{"id":2581,"date":"2013-10-28T20:25:30","date_gmt":"2013-10-28T18:25:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.monergism.ro\/?p=2581"},"modified":"2013-10-28T20:25:30","modified_gmt":"2013-10-28T18:25:30","slug":"jim-cromarty-istoria-celor-95-de-teze","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.monergism.ro\/index.php\/2013\/10\/jim-cromarty-istoria-celor-95-de-teze\/","title":{"rendered":"Jim Cromarty \u2013 Istoria celor 95 de teze"},"content":{"rendered":"<style type=\"text\/css\"><!--\nP { margin-bottom: 0.21cm; }A:link {  }\n--><\/style>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.faclia.ro\/shop\/index.php?dispatch=products.view&amp;product_id=1#.Um6kz7PHL3w\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-2582\" alt=\"Cetate tare\" src=\"http:\/\/www.monergism.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cetate-tare.jpg\" width=\"233\" height=\"358\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.monergism.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cetate-tare.jpg 233w, https:\/\/www.monergism.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cetate-tare-195x300.jpg 195w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 233px) 100vw, 233px\" \/><\/a>\u00cen anul 1516, Martin Luther a \u00eenceput s\u0103 pun\u0103 la \u00eendoial\u0103 sistemul indulgen\u0163elor care aveau rolul de a reduce par\u0163ial sau total pedeapsa \u015fi de a asigura ie\u015firea rapid\u0103 a sufletului din purgatoriu. Luther a pus o \u00eentrebare simpl\u0103: \u201eCum poate fi cineva sigur c\u0103 pedeapsa a fost cu adev\u0103rat ridicat\u0103?\u201d El a mai \u00eentrebat de ce papa, dac\u0103 are la dispozi\u0163ie o rezerv\u0103 suficient de mare de merite pe care le poate oferi celor din purgatoriu, nu elibereaz\u0103 pur \u015fi simplu sufletele ajunse acolo ca un gest de dragoste cre\u015ftineasc\u0103? A mai afirmat c\u0103 indulgen\u0163ele promoveaz\u0103 un stil haotic de via\u0163\u0103. Argumentul s\u0103u era urm\u0103torul: de ce s\u0103 tr\u0103iesc o via\u0163\u0103 de sfin\u0163enie dac\u0103 iertarea pentru satisfacerea poftelor rele poate fi cump\u0103rat\u0103 cu o oarecare sum\u0103 de bani?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Conduc\u0103torii biserice\u015fti au descoperit c\u0103 v\u00e2nzarea de indulgen\u0163e era o surs\u0103 aparent inepuizabil\u0103 de fonduri. Ei spuneau c\u0103 dac\u0103 biserica are acces la meritele lui Hristos \u015fi ale sfin\u0163ilor \u015fi le poate aplica altora, aceste merite trebuie v\u00e2ndute celor care au nevoie de ele. \u00centr-o vreme c\u00e2nd doctrina purgatoriului \u00eei teroriza pe credincio\u015fi, orice modalitate de scurtare a perioadei petrecute \u00een locul acela groaznic era cu siguran\u0163\u0103 binevenit\u0103. Astfel c\u0103 v\u00e2nzarea indulgen\u0163elor a devenit o modalitate permanent\u0103 de finan\u0163are a bisericii.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Dup\u0103 moartea papei Iuliu II \u00een anul 1513, la conducere i-a urmat reprezentantul familiei Medici, Leon X. Ca \u015fi predecesorul s\u0103u, acesta era un \u00eemp\u0103timit al artelor. Problemele spirituale nu prezentau un mare interes pentru Leon; el considera c\u0103 biserica \u015fi oficiul papal sunt doar ni\u015fte pove\u015fti transmise de-a lungul anilor. Se spune despre el c\u0103 odat\u0103 a afirmat cu dispre\u0163: \u201eCe afacere profitabil\u0103 este pentru noi aceast\u0103 fabul\u0103 a lui Hristos!\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Leon a v\u0103zut \u00een biseric\u0103 un mijloc eficient de finan\u0163are a proiectelor sale de restaurare a Romei. Iuliu \u00eencepuse munca de restaurare a Bisericii Sf. Petru, o biseric\u0103 mare despre care tradi\u0163ia spunea c\u0103 a fost construit\u0103 pe r\u0103m\u0103\u015fi\u0163ele p\u0103m\u00e2nte\u015fti ale apostolilor Petru \u015fi Pavel. Exista \u00eens\u0103 o problem\u0103 \u00een aplicarea acestui proiect \u2013 trezoreria papal\u0103 era goal\u0103 datorit\u0103 numeroaselor r\u0103zboaie \u00een care intraser\u0103 Iuliu \u015fi predecesorii s\u0103i. Leon avea nevoie de sume imense pentru a-\u015fi finaliza proiectele sale numeroase \u015fi mai ales pe cel consacrat Bisericii Sf. Petru. Se p\u0103rea c\u0103, av\u00e2nd un tezaur spiritual nelimitat, papa g\u0103sise metoda perfect\u0103 de a \u00eentregi tezaurul financiar al bisericii. Indulgen\u0163ele, promisiunea scurt\u0103rii perioadei de timp petrecute \u00een purgatoriu, aveau s\u0103 fie v\u00e2ndute credincio\u015filor \u00een scopul acumul\u0103rii fondurilor necesare pentru munca de restaurare.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00centre timp, \u00een Germania, Albert de Brandenburg, care, \u00eempotriva regulilor bisericii, avea \u00een subordine dou\u0103 episcopii, \u0163inea cu tot dinadinsul s\u0103 fie promovat \u00een func\u0163ia de arhiepiscop de Mainz, ceea ce l-ar fi f\u0103cut conduc\u0103torul eclesial al tuturor statelor germane. Taxa pentru ob\u0163inerea acestei pozi\u0163ii a fost stabilit\u0103 la zece mii de duca\u0163i. Albert a aranjat s\u0103 \u00eemprumute cu dob\u00e2nd\u0103 suma necesar\u0103 de la compania bancar\u0103 Fugger. El mai datora \u00eens\u0103 papalit\u0103\u0163ii o sum\u0103 impresionant\u0103 de bani \u00een contul celor dou\u0103 episcopii pe care le cump\u0103rase deja. Dup\u0103 mai multe negocieri cu papa, Albert a primit dreptul exclusiv de a vinde indulgen\u0163e \u00een majoritatea statelor germane timp de opt ani. Jum\u0103tate din veniturile ob\u0163inute avea s\u0103 fie pl\u0103tit\u0103 bancherilor de la Fugger p\u00e2n\u0103 la restituirea complet\u0103 a \u00eemprumutului, iar cealalt\u0103 jum\u0103tate urma s\u0103 fie transferat\u0103 papei pentru restaurarea bisericii Sf. Petru.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Astfel a ajuns c\u0103lug\u0103rul dominican Johann Diezel, cunoscut sub numele de Tetzel, s\u0103 primeasc\u0103 dreptul de a vinde indulgen\u0163e \u00een statele germane \u00een numele lui Albert. Nu i s-a permis \u00eens\u0103 s\u0103 intre \u015fi pe teritoriul Saxoniei, care era domeniul lui Frederick cel \u00cen\u0163elept. \u00cen consecin\u0163\u0103, Wittenberg nu intra \u00een teritoriul lui Tetzel. \u00cens\u0103, pentru c\u0103 acesta putea vinde indulgen\u0163e \u00een toate statele vecine, mul\u0163i din biserica lui Luther treceau grani\u0163a pentru a le cump\u0103ra.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Calit\u0103\u0163ile acestor indulgen\u0163e erau extraordinare. Ele \u201egarantau\u201d restaurarea celor care le cump\u0103rau la starea spiritual\u0103 din m<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File%3AJohann_Tetzel.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2584 alignright\" title=\"Johann Tetzel\" alt=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.monergism.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/Johann_Tetzel.jpg\" width=\"195\" height=\"212\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: Arial,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">omentul botezului \u2013 adic\u0103 la o stare de puritate des\u0103v\u00e2r\u015fit\u0103, deoarece se pretindea c\u0103 botezul spal\u0103 toate p\u0103catele comise p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een acel moment, precum \u015fi p\u0103catul originar. P\u00e2n\u0103 \u015fi cele mai grave nelegiuiri puteau fi \u015fterse prin cump\u0103rarea de indulgen\u0163e, \u00een mod normal, \u00eenainte de a pl\u0103ti suma respectiv\u0103, oamenii aveau obliga\u0163ia s\u0103-\u015fi m\u0103rturiseasc\u0103 p\u0103catele unui preot \u015fi s\u0103 primeasc\u0103 absolvirea, \u00eens\u0103 \u00een practic\u0103 nevoia de poc\u0103in\u0163\u0103 nu era men\u0163ionat\u0103 aproape deloc.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Indulgen\u0163ele nu erau ieftine. Pre\u0163ul varia \u00een func\u0163ie de starea financiar\u0103 a cump\u0103r\u0103torului. Pentru regi, regine \u015fi prin\u0163ii care erau membri \u00een biseric\u0103, taxa era de c\u00e2te dou\u0103zeci \u015fi cinci de duca\u0163i. Suma cobora treptat p\u00e2n\u0103 la o jum\u0103tate de ducat pentru cei al c\u0103ror venit anual era mai mic de dou\u0103 sute de florini. Cei foarte s\u0103raci pl\u0103teau at\u00e2t c\u00e2t reu\u015feau s\u0103 scoat\u0103 din buzunar. Exista \u015fi o scal\u0103 special\u0103 cu pre\u0163uri fixe pentru anumite p\u0103cate: nou\u0103 duca\u0163i pentru sperjur, opt pentru crim\u0103, \u015fase pentru poligamie \u015fi doi pentru vr\u0103jitorie. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00cenarmat cu o rezerv\u0103 impresionant\u0103 de indulgen\u0163e, Tetzel a \u00eenceput s\u0103 str\u0103bat\u0103 statele germane. Intra \u00een fiecare ora\u015f cu mare pomp\u0103, c\u0103lare pe un cal, \u0163in\u00e2nd \u00een m\u00e2ini o cruce mare ro\u015fie cu blazonul papei, \u00eenso\u0163it de tobe, c\u00e2ntece \u015fi miros de t\u0103m\u00e2ie ars\u0103. \u00cen fruntea procesiunii era purtat pe o pern\u0103 de catifea \u00eenscrisul bulei papale (declara\u0163ia oficial\u0103 care autoriza v\u00e2nzarea de indulgen\u0163e). \u00cen urma lui Tetzel venea un \u015fir de cat\u00e2ri \u00eenc\u0103rca\u0163i cu l\u0103zi pline de indulgen\u0163ele scrise pentru cei ce aveau bani.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">La por\u0163ile ora\u015fului, acolo unde se adunau mul\u0163imile pentru a asista la sosirea procesiunii, se f\u0103cea anun\u0163ul: \u201eHarul lui Dumnezeu \u015fi al P\u0103rintelui Sf\u00e2nt se afl\u0103 la por\u0163ile voastre\u201d. C\u00e2nd por\u0163ile se deschideau pentru a-i primi, Tetzel \u015fi alaiul s\u0103u intrau cu mare fast \u015fi se \u00eendreptau spre catedral\u0103.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Tetzel \u00ee\u015fi \u00eendeplinea sarcina cu mult\u0103 abilitate. El \u015ftia cum s\u0103-i u\u015fureze pe oameni de banii c\u00e2\u015ftiga\u0163i cu mare trud\u0103. Anun\u0163\u00e2nd c\u0103 \u0163ine \u00een m\u00e2n\u0103 cheia por\u0163ilor raiului, flutura o indulgen\u0163\u0103 \u015fi striga: \u201eGr\u0103bi\u0163i-v\u0103! Veni\u0163i \u015fi cump\u0103ra\u0163i c\u00e2t se mai poate. C\u00e2nd crucea va cobor\u00ee, pia\u0163a se va \u00eenchide, raiul se va \u00eendep\u0103rta \u015fi atunci ve\u0163i \u00eencepe s\u0103 bate\u0163i la u\u015f\u0103 \u015fi s\u0103 pl\u00e2nge\u0163i pentru c\u0103 a\u0163i f\u0103cut gre\u015feala s\u0103 nu lua\u0163i binecuv\u00e2nt\u0103ri care atunci vor fi prea departe de voi.\u201d Aceste cuvinte erau urmate de o afirma\u0163ie de-a dreptul scandaloas\u0103: \u201eIndulgen\u0163ele sunt darul cel mai pre\u0163ios \u015fi mai nobil al lui Dumnezeu.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Apoi, ar\u0103t\u00e2nd spre crucea ro\u015fie pe care o purta cu el, \u00ee\u015fi continua discursul: \u201eAceast\u0103 cruce are la fel de mult\u0103 putere de m\u00e2ntuire ca \u015fi crucea lui Hristos&#8230; Veni\u0163i \u015fi ve\u0163i primi certificate bine sigilate, prin care v\u0103 vor fi iertate chiar \u015fi p\u0103catele pe care doar inten\u0163iona\u0163i s\u0103 le face\u0163i.\u201d \u201eNu a\u015f da toate privilegiile pe care le am aici \u00een schimbul privilegiilor Sf\u00e2ntului Petru care este \u00een rai\u201d, se l\u0103uda el, \u201epentru c\u0103 am salvat mai multe suflete cu indulgen\u0163ele mele dec\u00e2t a salvat Sf. Petru cu predicile lui&#8230; Nu exist\u0103 p\u0103cat prea mare care s\u0103 nu poat\u0103 fi iertat printr-o indulgen\u0163\u0103&#8230;\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Tetzel se pricepea, de asemenea, s\u0103 manipuleze sentimentele oamenilor: \u201eDar nu numai at\u00e2t, indulgen\u0163ele sunt bune nu doar pentru cei vii, ci \u015fi pentru cei mor\u0163i. Preo\u0163ilor, boga\u0163ilor, negustorilor, nevestelor, tineri \u015fi tinere, nu-i auzi\u0163i pe p\u0103rin\u0163ii \u015fi pe prietenii vo\u015ftri care au murit cum strig\u0103 din fundul infernului \u00eenfrico\u015f\u0103tor: \u201eSuferim chinuri groaznice! Un dar ne\u00eensemnat ne-ar elibera; \u00eel pute\u0163i da, \u00eens\u0103 nu vre\u0163i ?\u201dApoi \u00eent\u0103rea aceast\u0103 idee, spun\u00e2nd: \u201eChiar \u00een momentul \u00een care banii ajung pe fundul l\u0103zii, sufletul scap\u0103 din purgatoriu \u015fi zboar\u0103 liber spre cer.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00cen acela\u015fi spirit mercantil, strig\u0103tor la cer, Tetzel \u00ee\u015fi \u00eendemna ascult\u0103torii s\u0103-\u015fi v\u00e2nd\u0103 chiar \u015fi hainele de pe ei dac\u0103 era nevoie, pentru a face rost de banii necesari pentru a cump\u0103ra o indulgen\u0163\u0103.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">El \u00eendr\u0103znea s\u0103 atribuie papei putere divin\u0103: \u201eDomnul Dumnezeul nostru nu mai domne\u015fte. El i-a dat toat\u0103 puterea papei!\u201d Dup\u0103 aceasta, urma avertizarea c\u0103 dac\u0103 va \u00eencerca cineva s\u0103 se \u00eempotriveasc\u0103 lucrurilor pe care le f\u0103cea el \u00een numele papei, acea persoan\u0103 va fi excomunicat\u0103.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Faptele lui Tetzel au provocat \u015fi opozi\u0163ia politic\u0103. Multe dintre statele germane erau agasate de faptul c\u0103 banii lor plecau spre un pap\u0103 italian cu scopul de a finan\u0163a recl\u0103direa Romei. Sf\u00e2ntul \u00eemp\u0103rat Roman, Maximilian, a recunoscut \u00een Martin Luther o voce care \u00eei \u00eendemna pe germani s\u0103 se \u00eempotriveasc\u0103 puterii civile exercitate de Roma. De fapt, el i-a scris odat\u0103 prin\u0163ului elector Frederick de Saxonia o scrisoare foarte direct\u0103: \u201eAi mare grij\u0103 de c\u0103lug\u0103r, de Luther, c\u0103ci s-ar putea s\u0103 vin\u0103 odat\u0103 vremea c\u00e2nd vom avea nevoie de el.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">C\u00e2nd Tetzel, \u00eenc\u0103rcat de indulgen\u0163ele sale, s-a apropiat de regiunea din vecin\u0103tatea ora\u015fului Wittenberg, Luther a condamnat pe fa\u0163\u0103 ac\u0163iunile sale. \u00cen acel moment \u00een\u0163elegea destul de bine doctrina m\u00e2ntuirii \u015fi \u015ftia c\u0103 meritele sfin\u0163ilor nu erau de niciun folos pentru a le deschide u\u015file raiului, nici lor \u015fi nici altora. \u015etia c\u0103 oamenii sunt m\u00e2ntui\u0163i prin har, un har oferit absolut gratuit de Dumnezeu. Pe atunci \u00eens\u0103 nu exista \u00een Luther dorin\u0163a de a submina pozi\u0163ia papei, a c\u0103rui autoritate \u00eenc\u0103 o respecta, sau de a submina Biserica romano-catolic\u0103. Ceea ce dorea el era \u00eenf\u0103ptuirea unei reforme <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00een interiorul <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">bisericii, reform\u0103 care s\u0103 aib\u0103 ca rezultat \u00eentoarcerea la adev\u0103rurile Scripturii.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Martin-Luther-1532.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-2585\" alt=\"Martin Luther\" src=\"http:\/\/www.monergism.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/Martin-Luther-1532.jpg\" width=\"223\" height=\"284\" \/><\/a>Nimic \u00eens\u0103 nu \u00eel putea opri pe Luther s\u0103 vorbeasc\u0103 deschis. Referindu-se la faptul c\u0103 va lua m\u0103suri \u00eempotriva actelor \u00eenso\u0163ite de mare pomp\u0103 ale lui Tetzel, el a afirmat cu \u00eendr\u0103zneal\u0103: \u201eCu ajutorul lui Dumnezeu, \u00eei voi face o gaur\u0103 \u00een tob\u0103!\u201d Ca preot responsabil pentru parohia sa, el \u015ftia c\u0103 primise din partea lui Dumnezeu \u00eens\u0103rcinarea de a avea grij\u0103 s\u0103-\u015fi p\u0103streze turma departe de erezii, chiar dac\u0103 acestea erau rostite de \u00eens\u0103\u015fi gura papei. Predicile lui Luther purtau \u00een ele \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103tura din Cuv\u00e2ntul lui Dumnezeu: \u201eNimeni nu poate dovedi pe baza Scripturii c\u0103 neprih\u0103nirea lui Dumnezeu cere \u00eendeplinirea unei pedepse din partea p\u0103c\u0103tosului&#8230; Singurul lucru pe care \u00eel cere El este poc\u0103in\u0163a adev\u0103rat\u0103, \u00eentoarcerea sincer\u0103, hot\u0103r\u00e2rea de a purta crucea lui Hristos \u015fi de a face fapte bune&#8230;\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Cu privire la problema cump\u0103r\u0103rii de indulgen\u0163e, el le spunea ascult\u0103torilor s\u0103i f\u0103r\u0103 ocoli\u015furi: \u201eAr fi cu mult mai bine dac\u0103 oamenii ar contribui la zidirea bisericii Sf. Petru din dragoste sincer\u0103 pentru Dumnezeu, \u00een loc s\u0103 cumpere indulgen\u0163e cu acest scop&#8230; \u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Amenin\u0163\u0103rile cu \u00eencadrarea \u00een r\u00e2ndul ereticilor nu l-au \u00eempiedicat deloc: \u201e\u015ei dac\u0103 vor striga unii c\u0103 sunt eretic, pu\u0163in \u00eemi pas\u0103 de cuvintele lor. Sunt ni\u015fte min\u0163i \u00eentunecate \u015fi bolnave, oameni care nu au fost preocupa\u0163i niciodat\u0103 de descoperirea adev\u0103rurilor Bibliei, care nu au citit niciodat\u0103 doctrina cre\u015ftin\u0103, nu au \u00een\u0163eles niciodat\u0103 mesajul propriilor teologi \u015fi care nu fac nici o \u00eencercare pentru a-\u015fi dep\u0103\u015fi aceast\u0103 stare de ignoran\u0163\u0103&#8230; Dumnezeu s\u0103 ne dea \u015fi nou\u0103 \u015fi lor o \u00een\u0163elegere corect\u0103! Amin.\u201d <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ascult\u0103torii s\u0103i au fost uimi\u0163i de limbajul s\u0103u direct \u015fi \u00eendr\u0103zne\u0163. Aceste predici cu un puternic impact \u00een r\u00e2ndurile credincio\u015filor au fost traduse \u00een limba german\u0103, tip\u0103rite \u015fi au circulat pe arii foarte extinse.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00cen Wittenberg, Martin Luther f\u0103cea ultimele revizuiri la cele nou\u0103zeci \u015fi cinci de teze pe care inten\u0163iona s\u0103 le prind\u0103 \u00een cuie de poarta bisericii palatului, Biserica Tuturor Sfin\u0163ilor. Oric\u00e2t de ciudat\u0103 ni s-ar p\u0103rea aceast\u0103 ini\u0163iativ\u0103 ast\u0103zi, \u00een vremea aceea era un lucru normal dac\u0103 cineva dorea s\u0103 supun\u0103 un subiect aten\u0163iei publicului. U\u015fa bisericii era locul unde puteau fi afi\u015fate anun\u0163uri ce interesau \u00eentreaga comunitate. Expun\u00e2ndu-\u015fi tezele pe acea u\u015f\u0103, Luther atr\u0103gea aten\u0163ia oamenilor asupra \u00eentreb\u0103rilor pe care le ridica \u015fi lansa o invita\u0163ie tuturor s\u0103 vin\u0103 la o \u00eent\u00e2lnire cu el \u015fi s\u0103 discute propunerile.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00cen aceste teze, el \u00ee\u015fi sus\u0163inea punctul de vedere \u00eempotriva v\u00e2nz\u0103rii de indulgen\u0163e. \u00cenc\u0103 mai credea cu t\u0103rie \u00een autoritatea papei \u015fi spera \u00eentr-un sprijin din partea acestuia \u00een ac\u0163iunea sa de demascare a abuzurilor. Prin atacul lansat \u00eempotriva indulgen\u0163elor v\u00e2ndute de Tetzel, Luther nu incrimina papalitatea \u015fi biserica, institu\u0163ii ce se bucurau \u00eenc\u0103 de respectul s\u0103u. Ceea ce dorea el era ca preten\u0163ia lui Tetzel de asociere a numelui papei cu v\u00e2nzarea de indulgen\u0163e s\u0103 fie discreditat\u0103.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.writeawriting.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/08\/Why-Martin-Luther-Wrote-Nintey-Five-95-Thesis.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft\" alt=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.writeawriting.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/08\/Why-Martin-Luther-Wrote-Nintey-Five-95-Thesis.jpg\" width=\"285\" height=\"219\" \/><\/a>Pe data de 31 octombrie 1517, \u00een ajunul Zilei Tuturor Sfin\u0163ilor, Luther \u015fi-a f\u0103cut loc prin mul\u0163ime, \u00eenaint\u00e2nd spre biseric\u0103. Era singur, pentru c\u0103 nu spusese niciunuia dintre colegii lui despre inten\u0163iile sale. Ajung\u00e2nd la biserica palatului, \u015fi-a afi\u015fat <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scribd.com\/doc\/35681374\/Cele-95-de-teze-ale-lui-Martin-Luther\" target=\"_blank\">cele nou\u0103zeci \u015fi cinci de teze<\/a> pe u\u015f\u0103, dar prea pu\u0163ini oameni au acordat aten\u0163ie gestului s\u0103u. Vizitatorii erau mult mai preocupa\u0163i de indulgen\u0163ele pe care sperau s\u0103 le ob\u0163in\u0103 cu ocazia Zilei Tuturor Sfin\u0163ilor.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Vestea s-a r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit \u00eens\u0103 destul de repede \u015fi, \u00een c\u00e2teva ore, toat\u0103 lumea din Wittenberg vorbea despre inten\u0163iile lui Luther de a ap\u0103ra adev\u0103rul celor scrise de el \u00een cadrul unei dezbateri organizate la universitate \u00een ziua urm\u0103toare.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Anun\u0163ul, scris \u00een limba latin\u0103, \u00eencepea cu invita\u0163ia la dezbatere \u015fi suna \u00een felul urm\u0103tor: <\/span><\/span><i><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Dezbaterea dr. Martin Luther cu privire la peniten\u0163e \u015fi indulgen\u0163e: \u00cen dorin\u0163a \u015fi cu scopul de a descoperi adev\u0103rul, la Wittenberg va avea loc o discu\u0163ie referitoare la propunerile afi\u015fate mai jos, discu\u0163ie condus\u0103 de p\u0103rintele pastor Martin Luther, c\u0103lug\u0103r al ordinului Sf. Augustin, licen\u0163iat \u00een litere \u015fi teologie \u015fi rugat cu regularitate s\u0103 predea cursuri pe aceste teme. Rug\u0103mintea sa este ca to\u0163i cei care nu pot fi prezen\u0163i pentru a discuta acest subiect cu noi \u00een mod verbal s\u0103 o fac\u0103 printr-o scrisoare. \u00cen Numele Domnului nostru Isus Hristos. Amin.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Apoi urmau cele nou\u0103zeci \u015fi cinci de propuneri, \u00een\u015firate \u00eentr-o ordine aleatoare. Aceste teze erau \u00eenso\u0163ite de urm\u0103toarea declara\u0163ie: <i>Eu, Martin Luther, doctor, reprezentant al ordinului c\u0103lug\u0103rilor din Wittenberg, doresc s\u0103 m\u0103rturisesc public faptul c\u0103 am lansat anumite propuneri \u00eempotriva a\u015fa-numitelor indulgen\u0163e papale. Acum, de\u015fi p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een momentul de fa\u0163\u0103 gestul meu nu a fost criticat nici de aceast\u0103 \u015fcoal\u0103 renumit\u0103 \u015fi respectat\u0103, nici de vreo putere civil\u0103 sau bisericeasc\u0103, am auzit c\u0103 sunt unii cu spirit destul de pripit \u015fi nes\u0103buit care \u00eendr\u0103znesc s\u0103 m\u0103 numeasc\u0103 eretic, de parc\u0103 ar fi studiat problema \u00een ad\u00e2ncime. Eu \u00eens\u0103, a\u015fa cum am f\u0103cut de multe ori, \u00eei rog \u015fi acum pe to\u0163i oamenii, prin credin\u0163a \u00een Hristos, fie s\u0103 \u00eemi arate o cale mai bun\u0103, dac\u0103 vreunul a primit o revela\u0163ie divin\u0103 \u00een acest sens, fie s\u0103-\u015fi supun\u0103 p\u0103rerile judec\u0103\u0163ii lui Dumnezeu \u015fi a bisericii. C\u0103ci nu sunt nici at\u00e2t de nechibzuit \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 cer tuturor s\u0103 accepte p\u0103rerile mele \u00een detrimentul p\u0103rerilor altora, dar nici at\u00e2t de lipsit de ra\u0163iune \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 accept ca pove\u015ftile n\u0103scocite de min\u0163i omene\u015fti s\u0103 ia locul Cuv\u00e2ntului lui Dumnezeu.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Cele nou\u0103zeci \u015fi cinci de propuneri ale lui Luther erau scrise \u00een limba latin\u0103, limba celor educa\u0163i. \u00cens\u0103, \u00een doar c\u00e2teva ore, studen\u0163ii s\u0103i le-au tradus \u00een german\u0103 \u015fi, cu ajutorul inven\u0163iei relativ recente a tiparului, au f\u0103cut repede copii pentru to\u0163i doritorii. Parte din banii destina\u0163i cump\u0103r\u0103rii de indulgen\u0163e au fost cheltui\u0163i pe copiile celor nou\u0103zeci \u015fi cinci de teze despre care vorbea toat\u0103 lumea. Oamenii veniser\u0103 la Wittenberg de departe pentru Ziua Tuturor Sfin\u0163ilor; prin urmare, \u00een dou\u0103 s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni, tezele au ajuns \u00een majoritatea statelor germane. La doar patru s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni dup\u0103 afi\u015farea lor pe u\u015fa bisericii, ele erau r\u0103sp\u00e2ndite \u00een toat\u0103 lumea cre\u015ftin\u0103, o copie ajung\u00e2nd \u015fi \u00een m\u00e2inile papei Leon.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-family: Arial,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Nimeni nu s-a prezentat la dezbatere \u00een ziua stabilit\u0103 de Luther, \u00eens\u0103 mult\u0103 vreme dup\u0103 aceea comunitatea a discutat problemele ridicate de el. Reforma \u00eencepuse.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><strong>(Fragmente din volumul <a href=\"http:\/\/www.faclia.ro\/shop\/index.php?dispatch=products.view&amp;product_id=1#.Um6kz7PHL3w\"><em><i>Cetate tare<\/i><\/em><i> este Dumnezeul nostru. Povestea vie\u0163ii lui Martin Luther<\/i><\/a>, Jim Cromarty, Editura F\u0103clia, Oradea, 2002.)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00cen anul 1516, Martin Luther a \u00eenceput s\u0103 pun\u0103 la \u00eendoial\u0103 sistemul indulgen\u0163elor care aveau rolul de a reduce par\u0163ial sau total pedeapsa \u015fi de a asigura ie\u015firea rapid\u0103 a sufletului din purgatoriu. Luther a pus o \u00eentrebare simpl\u0103: \u201eCum poate fi cineva sigur c\u0103 pedeapsa a fost cu adev\u0103rat ridicat\u0103?\u201d El a mai \u00eentrebat &hellip; <\/p>\n<p><a class=\"more-link btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.monergism.ro\/index.php\/2013\/10\/jim-cromarty-istoria-celor-95-de-teze\/\">Continue reading<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[411,81,176,80],"class_list":["post-2581","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-cele-95-de-teze","tag-istoria-reformei","tag-martin-luther","tag-reforma-protestanta","nodate","item-wrap"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.10 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u201e\u015ei dac\u0103 vor striga unii c\u0103 sunt eretic, pu\u0163in \u00eemi pas\u0103 de cuvintele lor. 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